Question 1:​

Answer: B) Midazolam

Explanation: Midazolam is a benzodiazepine commonly used as a premedication in veterinary anesthesia due to its sedative, anxiolytic, and muscle-relaxing properties. It is frequently chosen for its quick onset and short duration of action. Atipamezole is an alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist used to reverse the effects of dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 agonist. Butorphanol is an opioid analgesic, not a benzodiazepine.
Reference: Plumb's Veterinary Drugs, 9th edition, page 894

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​Question 2:

Answer: C) Chronic kidney disease

Explanation: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the most common form of renal disease in cats, particularly in older felines. It is a progressive condition that results in the gradual loss of kidney function over time. While polycystic kidney disease is also seen in cats, especially in certain breeds, CKD remains the predominant renal issue. Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) primarily affects the bladder and urethra, not the kidneys.
Reference: Ettinger and Feldman's Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 8th edition, page 1785

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Question 3: 

Answer: C) Penicillamine

Explanation: Penicillamine is commonly used to chelate copper in cases of copper toxicity in dogs, promoting its excretion and reducing copper levels in the body. Vitamin K is used for coagulation disorders, activated charcoal for toxin adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and N-acetylcysteine as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity.
Reference: Plumb's Veterinary Drugs, 9th edition, page 382

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Question 4:

Answer: D) Gastric perforation

Explanation: Gastric perforation is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in dogs. It occurs when the stomach wall becomes necrotic and ruptures, leading to peritonitis. Pancreatitis, acute renal failure, and hemolytic anemia are not directly associated with GDV but may be seen in different conditions.
Reference: Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Surgery, 5th edition, page 755

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Question 5:

Answer: C) Carprofen

Explanation: Carprofen is a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in veterinary medicine, primarily for managing pain and inflammation in dogs. Furosemide is a diuretic, tramadol is an analgesic with a different mechanism of action, and methocarbamol is a muscle relaxant.
Reference: Plumb's Veterinary Drugs, 9th edition, page 277

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​Question 6: 

​Answer: B) Equine asthma

Explanation: Equine asthma, formerly known as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) or heaves, is the most common cause of respiratory distress in horses. It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, triggered by environmental factors like dust or mold. Upper respiratory infections, pulmonary thromboembolism, and pleural effusion can also cause respiratory distress but are less common.
Reference: Current Therapy in Equine Medicine, 7th edition, page 511

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Question 7:

Answer: A) External fixation

Explanation: External fixation is a common orthopedic technique used to stabilize fractures in dogs. It involves the placement of pins or wires through the bone and attaching them to an external frame to maintain proper alignment during healing. Enucleation is the removal of an eye, gastrotomy is a surgical incision into the stomach, and hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus.
Reference: Brinker, Piermattei and Flo's Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair, 5th edition, page 291

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Question 8:

Answer: A) Ataxia

Explanation: Ataxia, or lack of coordination, is a common clinical sign of lead toxicity in dogs. Lead poisoning affects the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as ataxia, tremors, and seizures. Hyperactivity, hypertension, and tachycardia are not typically associated with lead toxicity but may be seen in other conditions.
Reference: Ettinger and Feldman's Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 8th edition, page 2209

 

Question 9:​

Answer: C) Diabetes mellitus

Explanation: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and glycosuria, leading to polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss despite a good appetite. Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease) can cause similar signs but is typically associated with additional features like a pot-bellied appearance and thin skin. Hypothyroidism usually causes weight gain and lethargy. Renal failure often presents with azotemia and is less likely to cause hyperglycemia.

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Question 10:

Answer: C) Surgical correction

Explanation: Intussusception, the telescoping of one part of the intestine into another, often requires surgical intervention to correct the obstruction and prevent further complications like ischemia or necrosis. Dietary change and antibiotics are not sufficient treatments for intussusception. Corticosteroids are not indicated and could worsen the condition.

 

 

Question 11:

Answer: B) Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Explanation: Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) is a developmental bone disease in young, rapidly growing large-breed dogs, characterized by fever, joint pain, and radiographic evidence of periosteal new bone formation and irregular metaphyses. Panosteitis presents with shifting leg lameness and increased medullary opacity on radiographs. Osteochondrosis involves cartilage defects, while Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease affects the femoral head and is seen in small-breed dogs.

 

 

Question 12:

Answer: C) Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM)

Explanation: PSSM is a genetic muscle disorder in horses, especially in Quarter Horses, characterized by muscle stiffness, atrophy, and elevated CK levels due to abnormal glycogen storage in muscle cells. Tetanus causes muscle rigidity and spasm but not elevated CK. Laminitis involves inflammation of the laminae of the hooves, and EPM presents with neurological signs due to protozoal infection.

 

 

Question 13: 

Answer: B) Struvite

Explanation: Struvite uroliths, composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate, are commonly associated with urinary tract infections in dogs, particularly in females, but can also occur in males. Struvite stones often form in alkaline urine, secondary to urease-producing bacteria. Calcium oxalate stones typically form in acidic urine and are not associated with infections. Urate stones are common in Dalmatians, and cystine stones are rare, associated with a genetic defect in cystine metabolism.​

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Question 14: 

Answer: A) Feline asthma

Explanation: Feline asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lower airways, characterized by coughing, wheezing, and a bronchial pattern on radiographs due to airway thickening. Heartworm disease can cause respiratory signs but often shows a mixed or interstitial pattern on radiographs. Pleural effusion presents with fluid accumulation in the pleural space, while FIP often shows abdominal fluid accumulation and a mixed thoracic pattern.

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Question 15:

Answer: D) Megaesophagus

Explanation: Megaesophagus is a condition characterized by esophageal dilation and impaired peristalsis, leading to regurgitation and weight loss. It can be congenital or acquired, with causes including myasthenia gravis. Esophageal stricture and esophagitis would show narrowing or inflammation on esophagoscopy rather than generalized dilation. Myasthenia gravis can cause megaesophagus but does not directly cause esophageal dilation visible on esophagoscopy.

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Question 16: 

Answer: C) Lumbosacral stenosis

Explanation: Lumbosacral stenosis, also known as cauda equina syndrome, is a common cause of hind limb weakness, ataxia, and urinary incontinence in large-breed dogs like German Shepherds. It results from compression of the nerve roots at the lumbosacral junction. IVDD typically presents with acute pain and paralysis. Degenerative myelopathy causes progressive weakness but without urinary incontinence or radiographic evidence of vertebral instability. Hip dysplasia affects the hips, not the spine.

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Question 17: 

Answer: A) Hyperthyroidism

Explanation: Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in older cats, characterized by weight loss, polyphagia, tachycardia, and elevated serum T4 levels. Hypothyroidism is rare in cats and presents with weight gain and lethargy. Diabetes mellitus causes polyphagia, weight loss, and hyperglycemia but not elevated T4. Chronic kidney disease is associated with weight loss and polyuria/polydipsia but not tachycardia or elevated T4.

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Question 18:

Answer: A) Lidocaine

Explanation: Ventricular tachycardia is a life-threatening arrhythmia that requires immediate treatment. Lidocaine is the first-line antiarrhythmic drug for ventricular tachycardia, especially in emergency situations. Atropine is used for bradycardia, furosemide for pulmonary edema, and digoxin for atrial fibrillation or heart failure. Prompt lidocaine administration can stabilize the heart rhythm and prevent further complications.

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